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Electrical engineering has to do with practical applications of electric energy. This includes electric power génération, distribution, and conversion. Electric energy has very valuable properties: it can easily be derived from other forms (mechanical, Chemical, etc.), transmitted with low losses for hundreds or even thousands of kilometers to homes and plants, distributed among users and converted back into mechanical, thermal, Chemical, and other necessary forms. Electricity makes it possible to utilize the inexpensive energy accumulated by Nature (energy of falling water), or to eut down its cost (such as when generated by burning peat or low-grade coal). Used on a large scale in ail fields of national economy and everyday life, electricity promotes the introduction of advanced machinery and complex process mechanization and automation into industry. It has given life to new industrial processes, such as electric welding, electrolysis, and hardening by high-frequency currents. Owing to its abundance and low cost, electricity has provided novel approaches to many problems of industrial production and enabled many breakthroughs in science to become everyday practice and to raise labour productivity. Electronics, which has now become a division of electrical engineering in its own right, considers the principles of operation, design and application of semiconductor, vacuum and gas-filled devices in science, various industries, and technology. For example, semiconductor and gas-filled rectifying devices are used in power engineering to convert alternating current to direct current for electric drives, electric traction, electrochemical and other production processes. Without semiconductor, vacuum and gas-filled devices it would be impossible to eïfect process automation, that is, to regulate and control production processes. Rapid advances in computer engineering hâve made it possible not only to raise the performance of automatic control Systems to a new level, but also to tackle nationwide économie problems. Electric and electronic devices for the génération, Processing, transmission and display of data are key éléments of automated management and control Systems at any level. Technologies hâve been developed by which a great number of circuit components (diodes, transistors, resistors, capacitors, etc.) can now be made in the form of film microcircuits and assembled into sophisticated Systems. In the manufacture of these microcircuits, use is made of electronbeam and laser equipment. Electronics has found uses in the manufacture of superhigh-purity materials, such as tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum and niobium, essential to modem technology. It is obvious that a firm knowledge of the fundamentals of applied sciences, notably electrical engineering and electronics, is essential to any one who wishes to gain insight into present-day technology