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It is envisaged that heavy crude oils will become a major energy source in the near future, replacing the conventional light crude oils, the reserves of which are depleting steadily over time. Heavy crude oils present several technological challenges in extraction, pumping, pipeline transportation and processing. Very high viscosity impedes the mobility of the crude oil thereby introducing difficulties in production and transportation. Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter. Chapter 2 presents methods for enhancing the recovery of heavy crude oils. Chapter 3 discusses the laboratory analysis of PVT properties of black oils. Chapters 4 to 9 deal with pumping and pipeline transportation techniques. Pre-treatment and removal of impurities/metals from heavy crude oils are presented in Chapters 10 to 12. Catalysts for hydrocracking and hydrotreating of heavy crude oils are discussed in Chapter 13. Chapter 14 presents the optimization of petroleum refinery configuration to process heavy crude oils. Processing of heavy crude oils generates different types of toxic organic and inorganic pollutants and Chapter 15 describes the potential environmental challenges that arise due to these pollutants