Textbook in PDF format

This book focuses on microbial prevention, the employment of specific segregated microorganisms which can be environmental-friendly and efficient technique for both prevention and degradation of wax in pipelines and during enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The demand for oil and gas as a primary source of energy is expected to reach to about 110 million barrels per day by 2040. Discovery of new conventional oil fields has declined, while its demand has risen rapidly in the last decade as crude oil still remains the primary source of energy. Hence, oil industries face a challenge of increasing production and transportation of crude oil from reservoirs which are unconventional. Reservoir to refinery transportation of heavy and waxy crude oils requires more technical expertise due its high viscosity, high asphaltene, and paraffin content along with wax deposition and agglomeration of wax on the inner walls of the pipelines and equipments